Voltage increaser

The circuit produces high voltage pulses (spikes) of about 40v p-p (when the LED is not
connected), at a frequency of 200kHz. The super-bright LED on the output absorbs the
pulses and uses the energy to produce illumination. The voltage across the LED will be
about 3.6v
The winding to the base is connected so that it turns the transistor ON harder until it is
saturated. At this point the flux cannot increase any more and the transistor starts to
turn off. The collapsing magnetic field in the transformer produces a very high voltage
and that's why we say the transformer operates in FLYBACK mode.
This type of circuit will operate from 10kHz to a few MHz.

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Fleming's left hand rule

Fleming's left hand rule The direction of force produced on a current-carrying cunductor placed in magnetic field can be determined by this rule. as shown in photo hold the thumb,forefinger and middle finger of the left hand mutually at right angles to each other., such that the forefinger is in the direction of current flow in the cunductor; then the thumb indicates the direction of motion of the conductor.

On off switch

PUSH TO ON AND PUSH TO OFF SWITCH This is a simple single ic switching circuit. this is very useful for many electronic circuits switching function. every positive pulse in the pin no:14 toggle the output pin no:2 to on and off. Transistor BC547 is a driver transistor we can connect an LED or a relay to the collector of the BC547. I used this circuit to my infrared remote control circuit.

Mains LED light

MAINS NIGHT LIGHT This is a LED circuit this can be operated from main supply. The circuit illuminates a column of 10 white LEDs. The 10u prevents flicker and the 100R also reduces flicker.

Electronics and Electricals

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